PETROLEUM PRODUCTS • Energy and non-energy products and their main uses, CO2 emissions and main regulated pollutants in the end use. • Principal components of petroleum products general hydrocarbon classification and main impurities (sulfur, nitrogen, metals and asphaltenes, etc.). • Quality requirements imposed on petroleum products in view of their utilization: quality specifications measured by standard tests, characteristics related to the product composition, origin and processing routes. • New trends in market structure and product characteristics to European and worldwide scale, post-combustion depollution systems, biofuels (nature, alternative fuel pathways for transport, strengths and weaknesses). REFINING PROCESSES • Crude oil fractionation: • Origin, overall characteristics and classification of crude oils. • Yields and properties of straight-run cuts obtained by distillation, potential destinations. • Industrial units: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, light-ends fractionation. • Typical process scheme, operating conditions, energy consumption. • Catalytic reforming and isomerization: • Octane improvement of virgin naphthas. • Basics of processes, types of catalyst, product yields and hydrogen production. • Industrial units: process flowsheets, operating conditions, equipment, low pressure processes. • Hydrorefining processes: • Main features of impurities removal by catalytic hydrogen treatment. • Main refining applications. • Example of ULSD hydrotreatment unit: operating principles, operating conditions. • Scrubbing treatments: amine washing, sulfur production, treatment of residual gases from Claus units. • Conversion units: • Outline of conversion and various cracking processes. • Characteristics and origin of feeds for cracking. • Conversion by means of thermal cracking: visbreaker, various cokers. • Conversion by means of catalytic cracking: FCC and related units, gasoline sweetening and desulfurization, alkylation, production of MTBE, ETBE and propylene, hydrocracker and related units, hydrogen production (SMR, POX). • Recent developments in hydrotreatment and hydroconversion of heavy residues. • Hydrogen balance in the refinery, energy consumption per unit, CO2 emissions at the outlet of the refinery. • Other processes for production of petroleum products: GTL, synthetic crude oils. MANUFACTURING FLOWSHEETS • Main routes to major products. • Up to date refining schemes including the production of petrochemical intermediate products. • Impacts of the evolution of market demand and the quality of the products on manufacturing patterns. • Base lube oil manufacturing. • Virtual visit of a refinery using the augmented reality will enable the trainees to gain a direct understanding of the field life. MAIN ECONOMIC FEATURES OF REFINERY OPERATION • Prices of crude oils and products, operating costs, economic margin of a refinery. • Examples of flexibility in operation and its economic consequences |